Characteristics of Patients Co-infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Dengue Virus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, March-June 2020.

An epidemic of dengue virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infections occurred in Argentina during 2020. We describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of patients hospitalized because of co-infection. We retrospectively identified 13 patients from different hospitals in Buenos Aires who had confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus and obtained clinical and laboratory data from clinical records. All patients had febrile disease when hospitalized. Headache was a common symptom. A total of 8 patients had respiratory symptoms, 5 had pneumonia, and 3 had rash. Nearly all patients had lymphopenia when hospitalized. No patients were admitted to an intensive care unit or died during follow up. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus can occur in patients living in areas in which both viruses are epidemic. The outcome of these patients did not seem to be worse than those having either SARS-CoV-2 or dengue infection alone.

Infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes con diabetes. Parte 1 / Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes. Part 1

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicadas o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment

Infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes con diabetes. Parte 2 / Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes. Part 2

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicada o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment

[Inter-society consensus for the management of respiratory infections: acute bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Consenso Intersociedades para el manejo de infecciones respiratorias: bronquitis aguda y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

The Argentine Society for Infectious Diseases and other national societies issued updated practical guidelines for the management of acute bronchitis (AB) and reactivations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the aim of promoting rational use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. AB is a condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchial airways which affects adults and children without underlying pulmonary disease. It is usually caused by a virus. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings after community acquired pneumonia has been ruled out. Treatment of AB is mainly symptomatic. Antibiotics should be used in immune-compromised hosts, patients with chronic respiratory or cardiac diseases and in the elderly with co-morbidities. Reactivation of COPD is defined as an acute change in the patient's baseline clinical situation beyond normal day to day variations, with an increase in dyspnea, sputum production and/or sputum purulence, warranting a change in medication. An increase in one symptom is considered a mild exacerbation, two as moderate, and the presence of three symptoms is considered a severe exacerbation. An infectious agent can be isolated in sputum in 50 to 75% of COPD reactivations. Moderate and severe episodes must be treated with antibiotics, amoxicillin/ beta-lactamase inhibitor, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are first choice drugs.

Consenso Intersociedades para el manejo de infecciones respiratorias: bronquitis aguda y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / [Inter-society consensus for the management of respiratory infections: acute bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The Argentine Society for Infectious Diseases and other national societies issued updated practical guidelines for the management of acute bronchitis (AB) and reactivations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the aim of promoting rational use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. AB is a condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchial airways which affects adults and children without underlying pulmonary disease. It is usually caused by a virus. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings after community acquired pneumonia has been ruled out. Treatment of AB is mainly symptomatic. Antibiotics should be used in immune-compromised hosts, patients with chronic respiratory or cardiac diseases and in the elderly with co-morbidities. Reactivation of COPD is defined as an acute change in the patient’s baseline clinical situation beyond normal day to day variations, with an increase in dyspnea, sputum production and/or sputum purulence, warranting a change in medication. An increase in one symptom is considered a mild exacerbation, two as moderate, and the presence of three symptoms is considered a severe exacerbation. An infectious agent can be isolated in sputum in 50 to 75

of COPD reactivations. Moderate and severe episodes must be treated with antibiotics, amoxicillin/ beta-lactamase inhibitor, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are first choice drugs.

Consenso Intersociedades para el manejo de infecciones respiratorias: bronquitis aguda y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. / [Inter-society consensus for the management of respiratory infections: acute bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The Argentine Society for Infectious Diseases and other national societies issued updated practical guidelines for the management of acute bronchitis (AB) and reactivations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the aim of promoting rational use of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. AB is a condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchial airways which affects adults and children without underlying pulmonary disease. It is usually caused by a virus. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings after community acquired pneumonia has been ruled out. Treatment of AB is mainly symptomatic. Antibiotics should be used in immune-compromised hosts, patients with chronic respiratory or cardiac diseases and in the elderly with co-morbidities. Reactivation of COPD is defined as an acute change in the patients baseline clinical situation beyond normal day to day variations, with an increase in dyspnea, sputum production and/or sputum purulence, warranting a change in medication. An increase in one symptom is considered a mild exacerbation, two as moderate, and the presence of three symptoms is considered a severe exacerbation. An infectious agent can be isolated in sputum in 50 to 75

of COPD reactivations. Moderate and severe episodes must be treated with antibiotics, amoxicillin/ beta-lactamase inhibitor, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are first choice drugs.

[Consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections]. / Consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones de vías respiratorias altas.

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. Acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using Centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. Treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin V given in two daily doses. In children, acute otitis media (AOM) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. Predominant causative pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae non-type b and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and otoscopic exam. Antibiotic treatment should be initiated promptly in all children<2 years of age, and in older children presenting bilateral AOM, otorrhoea, co-morbidities or severe illness. In Argentina, amoxicillin is the drug of choice given the low penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae. In children who fail amoxicillin therapy, amoxicillin/clavulanate provides better coverage against beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Rhinosinusitis is caused mainly by viruses, secondary bacterial complication occurs in less than 5% of cases. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and additional studies are not usually required. Acute bacterial sinusitis is caused by the same pathogens that cause AOM and amoxicillin is the drug of choice.

Consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones de vías respiratorias altas / Consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections

Las infecciones respiratorias altas son la primera causa de prescripción de antibióticos. La faringitis aguda es de origen viral en la mayoría de los casos; los episodios virales pueden diferenciarse de los de origen bacteriano producidos por Streptococcus pyogenes por criterios clínico-epidemiológicos (criterios de Centor), por pruebas diagnósticas rápidas o por el cultivo de fauces. Cuando la etiología es estreptocócica, la droga de elección es penicilina V (cada 12 horas). La otitis media aguda (OMA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de prescripción de antibióticos en niños. Los patógenos principales son Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae no tipable y Moraxella catarrhalis. Los antecedentes, la evaluación clínica junto con la otoscopía permiten establecer el diagnóstico. En niños menores de 2 años se recomienda tratamiento antibiótico precoz al igual que en niños mayores de 2 años con otitis bilateral, otorrea, presencia de comorbilidad o cuadro clínico grave. En la Argentina, debido a los bajos niveles de resistencia de S. pneumoniae a penicilina la droga de elección es amoxicilina; ante falta de respuesta al tratamiento puede utilizarse amoxicilina/clavulánico para cubrir cepas de H. influenzae y de M. catarrhalis productoras de betalactamasas. Las rinosinusitis son virales en la mayoría de los casos y menos del 5% se complican con sinusitis bacteriana. El diagnóstico es clínico y en general no se requieren estudios complementarios. Los patógenos bacterianos implicados son los mismos que causan OMA, por esta razón también se recomienda la amoxicilina como droga de elección.(AU)

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. Acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using Centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. Treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin V given in two daily doses. In children, acute otitis media (AOM) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. Predominant causative pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae non-type b and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and otoscopic exam. Antibiotic treatment should be initiated promptly in all children < 2 years of age, and in older children presenting bilateral AOM, otorrhoea, co-morbidities or severe illness. In Argentina, amoxicillin is the drug of choice given the low penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae. In children who fail amoxicillin therapy, amoxicillin/clavulanate provides better coverage against beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Rhinosinusitis is caused mainly by viruses, secondary bacterial complication occurs in less than 5% of cases. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and additional studies are not usually required. Acute bacterial sinusitis is caused by the same pathogens that cause AOM and amoxicillin is the drug of choice.(AU)

Consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones de vías respiratorias altas / Consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections

Las infecciones respiratorias altas son la primera causa de prescripción de antibióticos. La faringitis aguda es de origen viral en la mayoría de los casos; los episodios virales pueden diferenciarse de los de origen bacteriano producidos por Streptococcus pyogenes por criterios clínico-epidemiológicos (criterios de Centor), por pruebas diagnósticas rápidas o por el cultivo de fauces. Cuando la etiología es estreptocócica, la droga de elección es penicilina V (cada 12 horas). La otitis media aguda (OMA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de prescripción de antibióticos en niños. Los patógenos principales son Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae no tipable y Moraxella catarrhalis. Los antecedentes, la evaluación clínica junto con la otoscopía permiten establecer el diagnóstico. En niños menores de 2 años se recomienda tratamiento antibiótico precoz al igual que en niños mayores de 2 años con otitis bilateral, otorrea, presencia de comorbilidad o cuadro clínico grave. En la Argentina, debido a los bajos niveles de resistencia de S. pneumoniae a penicilina la droga de elección es amoxicilina; ante falta de respuesta al tratamiento puede utilizarse amoxicilina/clavulánico para cubrir cepas de H. influenzae y de M. catarrhalis productoras de betalactamasas. Las rinosinusitis son virales en la mayoría de los casos y menos del 5% se complican con sinusitis bacteriana. El diagnóstico es clínico y en general no se requieren estudios complementarios. Los patógenos bacterianos implicados son los mismos que causan OMA, por esta razón también se recomienda la amoxicilina como droga de elección.

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. Acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using Centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. Treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin V given in two daily doses. In children, acute otitis media (AOM) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. Predominant causative pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae non-type b and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and otoscopic exam. Antibiotic treatment should be initiated promptly in all children < 2 years of age, and in older children presenting bilateral AOM, otorrhoea, co-morbidities or severe illness. In Argentina, amoxicillin is the drug of choice given the low penicillin resistance rates for S. pneumoniae. In children who fail amoxicillin therapy, amoxicillin/clavulanate provides better coverage against beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Rhinosinusitis is caused mainly by viruses, secondary bacterial complication occurs in less than 5% of cases. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and additional studies are not usually required. Acute bacterial sinusitis is caused by the same pathogens that cause AOM and amoxicillin is the drug of choice.

[Post-surgery cerebral abscess due to Propionibacterium acnes]. / Absceso cerebral posquirúrgico causado por Propionibacterium acnes.

Brain abscesses by Propioni-bacterium acnes are rare. The rapid identification of this pathogen is important in order to choice the appropriate antibiotic therapy. We describe the case of a patient with excision of a multiform glioblastoma who 9 months later presented a tumor recurrence. A subtotal tumor excision was made and implants chemotherapy were placed in the residual tumor. After one month of surgery the patient presented a brain abscess. A craniotomy for drainage was performed. P. acnes was isolated from the biopsy and from purulent material. Identification was made by conventional biochemical tests and by the API system 20 A. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to clindamycin, penicillin, amoxicillin and metronidazole was determined. The values of MIC (microg/ml) obtained were: 0.250, 0.040, 0.023 and 256, respectively. The patient received cefepime and metronidazole intravenously during 30 days and completed treatment with oral clindamycin for 60 days, considering the possibility of adjacent bone involvement. Eight months after the drainage the patient had no evidence of infection or tumor recurrence. Although P. acnes is a rare cause of post-neurosurgical infection, it should be considered as a possible pathogen in postoperative brain abscesses.

Absceso cerebral posquirúrgico causado por Propionibacterium acnes / Post-surgery cerebral abscess due to Propionibacterium acnes

Los abscesos cerebrales por Propionibacterium acnes son poco frecuentes. Es importante para el médico clínico la rápida identificación de este patógeno para la elección de una terapéutica antibiótica adecuada. En este caso se describe un paciente con una exéresis de un glioblastoma multiforme donde a los 9 meses se evidenció la existencia de una recidiva tumoral, se efectuó una extirpación tumoral subtotal y la colocación de implantes de quimioterapia en el lecho tumoral residual. Al cabo de un mes de esta reoperación presentó una lesión ocupante compatible con un absceso cerebral, motivo por el cual se realizó nueva craneotomía y drenaje del mismo. En los cultivos de las biopsias y del material purulento se aisló P. acnes como flora única. Para la identificación se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas y se aplicó el sistema API20A. Se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) a clindamicina, penicilina, amoxicilina y metronidazol, los valores de CIM (ug/ml) obtenidos fueron: 0.250, 0.040, 0.023 y 256, respectivamente. El paciente recibió cefepime más metronidazol por vía endovenosa durante un período de 30 días y completó tratamiento con clindamicina por vía oral durante 60 días, dada la posible complicación ósea en el sitio de la infección. Luego de 8 meses de la intervención quirúrgica y el drenaje del absceso cerebral no hubo evidencia de signos clínicos de recidiva tumoral e infecciosa. P. acnes es un patógeno infrecuente como causal de abscesos cerebrales, sin embargo no se debe desestimar en muestras neuroquirúrgicas.

Brain abscesses by Propionibacterium acnes are rare. The rapid identification of this pathogen is important in order to choice the appropriate antibiotic therapy. We describe the case of a patient with excision of a multiform glioblastoma who 9 months later presented a tumor recurrence. A subtotal tumor excision was made and implants chemotherapy were placed in the residual tumor. After one month of surgery the patient presented a brain abscess. A craniotomy for drainage was performed. P. acnes was isolated from the biopsy and from purulent material. Identification was made by conventional biochemical tests and by the API system 20 A. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to clindamycin, penicillin, amoxicillin and metronidazole was determined. The values of MIC (ug/ml) obtained were: 0.250, 0.040, 0.023 and 256, respectively. The patient received cefepime and metronidazole intravenously during 30 days and completed treatment with oral clindamycin for 60 days, considering the possibility of adjacent bone involvement. Eight months after the drainage the patient had no evidence of infection or tumor recurrence. Although P. acnes is a rare cause of post-neurosurgical infection, it should be considered as a possible pathogen in postoperative brain abscesses.

[Environmental contamination during a vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak at a hospital in Argentina]. / Contaminación ambiental durante un brote de enterococo resistente a vancomicina en un hospital de Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates (VRE) have caused numerous outbreaks in intensive care units (ICUs). A contaminated hospital environment, the hands of health care workers (HCW), and carrier patients may play important roles in perpetuating the chain of transmission in these outbreaks. The aims of this study were to report the first VRE outbreak in our center and assess the role of environmental contamination and HCW hands in the spread of new cases of enterococcal infection. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between August and December 2003, surveillance cultures were performed with samples from all patients (n = 113) admitted to the ICU, as well as cultures of samples from the environment (n = 69) and HCW hands (n = 23). RESULTS: Eighteen clinical samples from 8 patients and 7 environmental samples yielded Enterococcus faecium (24 strains) and E. avium (1 strain). VRE was not detected on HCW hands. All the VRE isolates belonged to a single clone and carried the vanA gene. CONCLUSION: Environmental contamination provides an important reservoir for future outbreaks of VRE, perpetuating transmission of the microorganism in the hospital setting.

Contaminación ambiental durante un brote de enterococo resistente a vancomicina en un hospital de Argentina / Environmental contamination during a vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak at a hospital in Argentina

Introducción. Los enterococos resistentes a vancomicina (ERV) han producido múltiples brotes en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La contaminación del ambiente hospitalario, manos del personal de salud y pacientes portadores con ERV pueden ejercer un importante papel perpetuando la cadena de transmisión de esos brotes. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue caracterizar el primer brote de ERV en nuestra institución y evaluar el papel de la contaminación ambiental y de manos del personal de salud en la diseminación de nuevos casos de portación de ERV. Material y métodos. Se realizaron cultivos de vigilancia a los pacientes admitidos a UCI (n = 113) y cultivos de muestras ambientales (n = 69) y de manos de personal (n = 23) entre agosto y diciembre del 2003. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 25 aislamientos de ERV (24 Enterococcus faecium y 1 E. avium) provenientes de 8 pacientes y 7 muestras ambientales. No se obtuvo crecimiento de ERV en manos de personal sanitario. Todos los aislamientos de E. faecium resistentes a vancomicina, ambientales y de pacientes, eran portadores del gen vanA y pertenecieron a un mismo clon. Conclusión. La contaminación ambiental posee un importante papel en el reservorio de futuros brotes de ERV perpetuando la transmisión del mismo en el ambiente hospitalario (AU)

Introduction. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates (VRE) have caused numerous outbreaks in intensive care units (ICUs). A contaminated hospital environment, the hands of health care workers (HCW), and carrier patients may play important roles in perpetuating the chain of transmission in these outbreaks. The aims of this study were to report the first VRE outbreak in our center and assess the role of environmental contamination and HCW hands in the spread of new cases of enterococcal infection. Material and Method. Between August and December 2003, surveillance cultures were performed with samples from all patients (n = 113) admitted to the ICU, as well as cultures of samples from the environment (n = 69) and HCW hands (n = 23). Results. Eighteen clinical samples from 8 patients and 7 environmental samples yielded Enterococcus faecium (24 strains) and E. avium (1 strain). VRE was not detected on HCW hands. All the VRE isolates belonged to a single clone and carried the vanA gene. Conclusion. Environmental contamination provides an important reservoir for future outbreaks of VRE, perpetuating transmission of the microorganism in the hospital setting (AU)